I created and published an android app that bundles my ISATAP client daemon and provides a configuration front end. To run the binary on android, it requires root access, i.e. a rooted device or phone.
On my Galaxy S3 with Cyanogenmod 10.2 I successfully get a IPv6 address using the app. 馃榾
If you have a rooted phone and an ISATAP infrastructure close by, please feel free to give it a try:
Freebloks 3D for Android is free software, it’s open source, completely free of charge and you can modify it to any extent. Free software however does not mean it has no value. That’s why Freebloks comes with the feature of in-app donations to support the developers.
You can choose how much Freebloks is worth to you, you can donate any amount you like or you can purchase the new published version called Freebloks VIP, that is identical to the free version but paid to show the support to the developers. The only visual difference is the coin in the app icon indicating your support.
Freebloks 3D for Android is the Android port of the PC version of Freebloks 3D for Windows and Linux. Like the PC version, the Android port is completely free software, available for free in the Google Play Store and the source code being available on GitHub.
I strongly believe in Open Source software and that it can help to make the world a better place by making knowledge and power available to everyone. While many hours of work went into the Android port, I feel good to completely open the software for others to study, to modify or contribute. A lot of my knowledge and skills come from the study of others work and my contribution to open source software is my attempt to give something back in return.
If you like Freebloks, please be encouraged to contribute, send be feedback, work on the code or support the developers with a donation. The recent update makes in-app donations available for users. These in-app items acknowledge the work of the developers and are completely voluntary. Freebloks will always be free but relies on your contribution!
So if you think, the game has some value for you, please consider a donation of your choice.
The latest update of Freebloks 3D for Android adds nice drop shadows to falling stones. Instead of “correct” shadows using shadow volumes in a stencil buffer, the android version renders a pseudo drop shadow texture on the board. The shadows are not always correct, but it is much easier to add individual tinting, alpha or scale effects, depending on the distance of the stones. This adds a more realistic look and is easy on the hardware, because there is no need to recalculate the shadow volume each frame.
For the port of Freebloks 3D to Android I rewrote all code from C to Java. While that was working fine and resulted in greatly simplified networking code, the speed of the AI was not so great. It took up to 10 seconds on a fairly powerful SGS 2 for the computer to find a good move.
I was trying to move the CPU intense routines of the AI to C again, using jni as a bridge between Java and C. The simple network routines should stay in Java.
But the transfer of relevant game data to C and back to Java turned out to be very ugly, yet the solution was incredibly simple:
The Freebloks code was always split in two parts, the GUI/client part and the AI/server part, with the client and server always communicating using network sockets. Yes, even the single player version starts a network server and connects to localhost. The original source code always contained a package for running a dedicated server.
It was incredibly easy to copy the dedicated server code into my project, compile the C code with the NDK and connect it to Java with only a single jni call. It was running out of the box, with almost no change of the original C code at all! Since the server is running in a thread started from the native C code, there is no additional jni call neccessary and no data transfers except for the sockets.
The average duration for the AI to calculate a complete game dropped from 87 sec to 28 sec on my SGS 2. The version 0.0.2 in the Google Play Store supports ARMv5, ARMv7 and x86. Grab it now! You may also download a free apk file here.
I want to attach a USB stick to the AVM Fritz!Box 7170 to use as USB storage and be able to write to it using the integrated ftp server. When writing a bunch of files, the write performance drops to under 50 kb/sec, while the stick can easily handle 512 kb/sec. Why the bad performance and why the drop?
I replaced the stock AVM firmware with Freetz but got similar results. What got my attention is a drop in performance after copying 4 files, that does not recover after time. The following tests were done using the Freetz modification with Linux kernel 2.6.13.1-ohio.
Performance drop when writing
Look at these numbers when copying a bunch of files to the stick using scp:
Each following transfer would then be at only 55KB/s. Issuing a sync command to flush out dirty buffers makes no difference, so the speed is not throttled by the USB stick being busy.
Let’s have a look at the VFS cache
The Linux kernel reveals some interesting cache and memory information in /proc/meminfo. These are numbers taken after a fresh boot:
# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 30204 kB
MemFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 9632 kB # unused, completely free memory
Buffers:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 280 kB
Cached:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 6280 kB # memory used for cached files
SwapCached:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
Active:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 8652 kB
Inactive:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 1524 kB
HighTotal:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
HighFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
LowTotal:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 30204 kB
LowFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 9632 kB
SwapTotal:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
SwapFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
Dirty:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB # memory waiting to be written to disk
Writeback:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB # memory actively being written to disk
Mapped:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 8040 kB
Slab:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 6028 kB
CommitLimit:聽聽聽聽 15100 kB
Committed_AS:聽聽聽聽 5724 kB
PageTables:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 240 kB
VmallocTotal:聽 1048560 kB
VmallocUsed:聽聽聽聽聽 4056 kB
VmallocChunk:聽 1043636 kB
While copying the first files, the highlighted numbers read like this:
MemFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 1716 kB
Cached:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 13704 kB
Active:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 8976 kB
Inactive:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 8928 kB
Dirty:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 6836 kB # lots of data waiting to be written
Writeback:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 444 kB # lots of data being actively writting
We see that the cache is filled up quickly with buffers also marked to be written on the stick (marked dirty) and that the pdflush daemon already started to write out chunks of consecutive data to the usb stick. Remember that usb sticks have good performance when streaming out data chunks that fit into the physical structure but bad performance, when writing out small chunks because a lot of the flash memory keeps being reread and overwritten. The performance is good here, because there are a lot of dirty buffers the kernel can optimize the writing out.
Writing file ‘tmp1’
Let’s go back and look at the numbers exactly after tmp1 has been written (2048 kB):
The buffers have all been flushed, so the stick is idle. Our cache grew by 2048 kB taken from the free memory, containing now also the file tmp1.
Writing file ‘tmp2’
Copying file tmp2 (2048 kB) is fast and the memory info after copying is no surprise:
MemFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 5084 kB # 2048 kB less
Cached:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 10504 kB # 2048 kB more
Dirty:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
Writeback:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 0 kB
Neither is tmp3 (2048 kB), because there is still unused memory left. But now it’s getting interesting, because write performance with tmp4 drops drastically.
Writing file ‘tmp4’ with no free memory
While writing tmp4, and the performance dropping to 30 KB/sec, the numbers look like this:
Of course free memory is useless, we’d rather have everying to into the cache. The cache stays filled (we have tmp1, tmp2 and tmp3 in the cache), but the values for Dirty and Writeback are too low.
Before, the file to be written was completely loaded into the cache first and marked dirty.The pdflush daemon was started deferred and found rich caches to be written to disk.
The number of blocks marked dirty now never seems to exceed 50 kB. The pdflush daemon can only flush out small chunks of up to 36 kB at once (usually less), resulting in a lot of USB operations and overhead and low performance.
Clearing the cache helps
The Freetz kernel unfortunately does not expose /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches to drop all cached buffers. But what happens, if we rm tmp1:
Nothing. tmp1 is not in the cache anymore and most likely tmp4 has taken it’s place, because it is newer. But tmp2 is still in the cache, so let’s rm it:
MemFree:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 3464 kB # rm tmp2 frees up the cached memory
Cached:聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 12152 kB # the rm'ed file is removed from cache
Now we have over 3 MB free and unused memory and the file is not in the cache anymore.
Writing tmp5
Now let’s copy tmp5 (2048 KB). These are numbers from during the copy to see the values of Dirty and Writeback, so the file is only partly transfered yet:
We again see high numbers for Dirty and Writeback as parts of the copied file are moved to the cache and dirty. The pdflush daemon gets huge chunks of buffers again to be streamed to the medium and we get a fairly high transfer rate.
Broken kernel behaviour
This is the fairly old Linux kernel 2.6.13.1-ohio from Freetz. The behaviour of the VFS and pdflush seems to be broken and thus result in very poor write performance:
when there is no free memory available, why doesn’t the kernel free more old cache memory for the new buffers to be marked dirty?
allocating new buffers seems to stall while pdflush daemon is freeing up dirty memory
new buffers are still taken from old cached files, so after copying the whole file, it is completely in the cache. why not put if completely in the cache before starting to write out and stall allocation of new buffers?
rm’ing a file that is in the cache, frees up the cache, resulting in performance boosts, until that free memory is used by the cache again and the pdflush daemon writes out much smaller chunks. Practically that won’t happen and a normal Linux system should never have large amounts of free memory.
This is a kernel bug preventing Fritz!Box 7170 from ever achieving good write performance on my USB stick and other mediums.
Summary
When copying files to the Fritz!Box, the kernel caches these files in it’s cache only when free memory is available.
It writes out the cached files to storage, with good performance because there are big chunks to be written. The files remain in the cache in case they are read.
With a full cache and no free memory, new files aren’t cached anymore but directly written to the medium, resulting in a lot of small writes with big overhead and bad performance. The file is still in the cache after writing is done.
Clearing up the cache results in free memory and write performance boosts until the cache is saturated again.
Because the cache is only freed up on unmount, the situation almost never happens, making writing data to USB sticks a pain.
External harddrives might work better, because of fast integrated hardware caches that can take lots of small chunks. But on a USB stick without hardware cache, performance is killed by the small writes.
It is unlikely that this bug will be fixed by AVM or by Freetz for the Fritz!Box 7170 because it seems to be a flaw in the used Linux kernel and AVM does not update the 7170 firmware anymore.
Is this a known bug and is this fixed in newer kernels?
After publishing WordMix with the OpenGL accelerated 2D game view (using GLSurfaceView), I received weird crash reports from some devices, mostly out of memory from within the GL context:
android.opengl.GLException: out of memory
at android.opengl.GLErrorWrapper.checkError(GLErrorWrapper.java:62)
at android.opengl.GLErrorWrapper.glGenTextures(GLErrorWrapper.java:350)
at [...]
From the very limited information the Google Play Developer Console gives me about crash reports, I assumed it only affects devices running Android version 3. Modifying the code only caused the out of memory exception to be thrown at random other places, even at GL10.glClear(…)!
I also found out, the crash only happens when the user finishes a subactivity that would leave to the activity containing the GLSurfaceView. Users were complaining about the crash happening before starting a second game, which puzzled me, because all my rendering code seemed to be working fine on all devices running Android 4. Everything worked fine without the GLSurfaceView as well.
Looking that the source code for GLSurfaceView, nothing interesting was changed between Android 3.2 to Android 4, so the GLSurfaceView was hardly to blame, but more the hardware, drivers or specific OpenGL implementation.
The problem
The actual problem was very hard to track down and took me several hours and was particularly hard because I did not have an Android 3 tablet for debugging:
Up to Android 2.3, views were drawn in software and later composited using the hardware. Android 3 introduced an alternative hardware accelerated drawing engine for everything that uses Canvas classes. This alternative render path is disabled by default in Android 3 and supposedly enabled by default in Android 4 (previous blog post).
When I found out, that the Samsung Galaxy S2 does not enable hardware acceleration by default, I did set
in the AndroidManifest.xml for all activities that should support hardware acceleration. Using hardware acceleration for the activity with the anyway hardware accelerated GLSurfaceView did not make much of a difference. But accelerating the results or preferences activity, for example, gave a nice performance boost on my SGS2.
It turns out that the crash happens in Android, when an activity, that contains a GLSurfaceView, is paused for a fullscreen activity, that is hardware accelerated. When that hardware accelerated activity is finished, the underlying GLSurfaceView is screwed up, throwing out of memory exceptions, even though the GL context is completely reinitialized correctly.
The solution
Yes, I should have tested more the effects of hardwareAccelerated=”true”.
Leaving that attribute entirely unset is recommended for Android 3, especially when you use a GLSurfaceView, and should not hurt Android 4 devices as well. Setting a reasonable default value is then up to the manufacturers.
Summary
If you use a GLSurfaceView in an activity
and suspend that activity by starting another fullscreen activity
and that activity is hardwareAccelerated by setting so in the AndroidManifest.xml
and you target Android 3 devices
expect weird behaviour like out-of-memory exceptions
Welcome to fragmentation. Just let hardwareAccelerated be unset.
When originally released, the tool quickly got packaged into Ubuntu (10.04), Debian 6 (Squeeze) and derivates, but it needed another 2 years to get integrated in Gentoo. At last. 馃檪
I tried to replace the legacy 2D rendering code of WordMix, which uses the native Android canvas methods, with an OpenGL renderer to allow for fancy effects and animations.
First attempt
simple texture with full bleed image, no border
Because the tiles are simple rectangles with round corners, I created a texture with gimp and rendered a quad in OpenGL. The texture had no mipmaps and was filtered linear for both, minimizing and magnifying. When rotating that quad, I got the typical “staircase” lines, because I did not use anti-aliasing / multisampling. The result looks rather horrible:
no multisampling, no mipmaps, simple texture result in typical “staircase” borders
You can see two effects, one if it being the clear staircase borders, where the texture is not linear filtered, and you see the round corners of the texture with a grayish border, I’ll explain in the next paragraphs.
Multisampling emulation to remove “staircase”
So how to achieve multisampling in OpenGL ES 1.1? The answer I found is quite simple and easy on the hardware: use a texture with a transparent border and linear texture interpolation will do the rest. So I modified the texture to include a transparent border and rendered the quads slightly bigger to fill the same amount of pixels.
texture image with transparent border
The result looked better but I was not satisfied with the borders. I saw the interpolations but there is still a very visible “staircase”. Plus it seems, that the borders are blended with a black color, which can be seen on the overlapping tiles:
no mipmaps, texture with transparent border, still visible “staircase” and dark colored border
This is in fact due to my texture, which had the transparent pixels assigned the color black. The OpenGL interpolation would just average two neighbour pixels, which would calculate like
So how to create a texture, where the transparent pixels have the color white? Gimp seemed to screw up the color of transparent pixels even though when exporting my work as png file, it offers to keep the color of transparent pixels.
The trick: combine all visible planes, create an alpha channel and change the color layer. If you have uncombined planes, the result is unpredictable and the colors are screwed up.
So now I had a texture with a white but fully transparent border (value 0x00FFFFFF) and I’d expect the calculation to be
texture with transparent + white border: still black border in Android
Bitmaps with transparent pixels in Android
So why is my border still black, while the texture has white transparent regions? I checked the loaded Bitmap with this code after loading the png resource:
Why is the result 0?? I’d expect a 0x00FFFFFF, but either Androids Bitmap loader premultiplies the alpha or recompresses the image file on compile, although I did place the image in the res/drawable-nodpi folder.
But apparently Bitmap and Canvas throw away all color information, when drawing with an alpha value of 0. This results in a fully transparent, but black canvas:
Good to know, so now I create my texture with a border that is almost transparent, but not completely (alpha value 1/256) and the color white, which should be hardly visible, calculating like:
I checked with above Log code and indeed got the value 0x01FFFFFF. So at least the Bitmap was loaded correctly now. But I still get a聽 black border and the result looks the same. Why?
Creating OpenGL textures with unmultiplied alpha
I found a post and bug report that apparently the GLUtils.glTexImage2D() screws with the alpha and colors too, creating texture values of 0x01010101, which gets blended with the nearby white pixels on linear filtering. What the…?
The post suggests a workaround to not use GLUtils to load the Bitmap into an OpenGL texture but use the original GL10.glTexImage2D(). While the code in that post is not very efficient, it does result in nice and smooth blended borders. Of course the use of mipmaps helps too to make the texture smooth when minified:
texture with 0x01FFFFFF almost-transparent border and use of original GL10.glTexImage2D method and mipmaps
Summary
Several culprits were found to make antialiasing work with an Android App using OpenGL ES 1.1:
Create textures that have transparent borders, so linear filtering emulated oversampling at polygon borders
Make sure the transparent border of your texture contains color values, which will “bleed” into the border pixels of the texture.
If you use mipmaps, make sure you have enough transparent border pixels or set GL_TEXTURE_WRAP to GL_CLAMP.
Double check result, because gimp does screw up when having multiple layers, that are merged when exporting as png image.
Androids Bitmap loader and Canvas code seems to zero out the color values when alpha is 0. The workaround to keep the color values on load: Use colored pixels with alpha value of 1 (of 255).
The next WordMix and WordMix Pro release will include support for Russian, Portuguese and Dutch as dictionary languages. I had a lot of fun with the Cyrillic encoding of characters and especially the database for the words as I learned that a lot of Linux tools are still not ready for handling multi byte character sequences correctly.
Mostly the tool tr kept me busy, when I tried to convert lower case letters to upper case. The normal approach of
tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
only seems to work for the ASCII character set. If manually used on UTF-8 data, it screws everything up even more, like in the command:
The trick was to use tr on the original KOI8-R encoded data (which is 8 bit), for which I also had to pass KOI8-R encoded parameters to the tool, which was a pain inside an otherwise UTF-8 encoded shell script. So I tried to read the KOI8-R encoded parameters from a file before passing it as arguments so I don’t screw up my shell script.
It took me several hours and attempts to find that out and to get all the encodings right, so now a working Russian dictionary is available. 馃檪 It won’t be shipped by default though, so it needs to be fetched from the Internet once by the game, on first use.
Of course the global ranklist is prepared for the new languages as well.
Oh my, my webhoster has the deflate output filter disabled by default, that enables gzip compression of outgoing content. This is important for huge xml/json data from webservices that travel over mobile networks and easily reduces used bandwith to up to 10%.
Starting from Android 3 (API level 11), there is a hardware renderer for 2D graphics, which drastically increases performance. The hardware acceleration was disabled by default and had to be enabled by the developer by declaring in his AndroidManifest.xml file:
According to the android documentation, that value changed to true starting with API level 14:
The default value is "true" if you’ve set either minSdkVersion or targetSdkVersion to "14" or higher; otherwise, it’s "false".
This is true for some devices (like the HTC Sensation with Android 4.0.3), but does NOT apply for the Samsung Galaxy S2 with official Android 4.0.3 and 4.0.4.
Applications without above attribute explicitly set to true are not hardware accelerated automatically on that device. On the HTC Sensation they are.
So don’t forget to declare that attribute in your AndroidManifest.xml file, if you want hardware acceleration on all devices.
Users can force-enable the use of GPU rendering in the developer options, which can be used as a workaround with the risk of incompatible applications yielding render errors.
WordMix 2D view must not use hardware acceleration
Currently, the 2D view of my WordMix game uses some features of Canvas, that are incompatible with hardware acceleration and results in display bugs. These glitches did not occur on my Samsung Galaxy S2, because it was not hardware accelerated as stated above, but occured on another device, a HTC Sensation with Android 4. Took me a while to figure out, what exactly was going on, but after declaring
By default, an Android application requires the feature android.hardware.touchscreen, which is then used for filtering in Google Play, so only devices, that have touchscreen capabilities, will be able to install that app.
Besides that, there is a more basic feature, android.hardware.faketouch; android docs state:
If your application requires basic point and click interaction (in other words, it won’t work with only a d-pad controller), you should declare this feature. Because this is the minimum level of touch interaction, your app will also be compatible with devices that offer more complex touch interfaces.
If the application does not require touchscreen features, it is recommended to set android.hardware.touchscreen to not be required, but declare android.hardware.faketouch instead, so I did this for WordMix, which should work with faketouch devices, too:
If you do that, check the results on Google Play, which shows the number of supported devices:
touchscreenrequired, faketouchnot required: 1500
touchscreennot required, faketouchrequired: 860
neither required: 1800
That is odd and not according to the documentation. For example a Samsung GT-S5360 seems to support touchscreen, but not faketouch. The Samsung Galaxy S2 supports both. You can include all devices by setting touchscreen to be not required, which then includes all faketouch devices, but also all devices that have even less input capabilities.
Finally back from XDC2012, which was at the SuSe headquarters in N眉rnberg, Germany this year. It was an awesome conference with a lot of interesting talks and people.
Because it was my first time at an X.Org Developer Conference, I took the chance to give a talk about the joystick input module, I created and am maintaining ever since:
On my Galaxy S3 with Cyanogenmod 10.2 I successfully get a IPv6 address using the app. 馃榾
